2024 MSA Rankings
With the release of Replica's multimodal, network-level Spring 2024 data, we looked across the Top 50 Metro Areas in the US, and compared each region across 3 key metrics: (1) VMT per capita; (2) Daily travel minutes per capita; and (3) Walking mode share.
Explore the data below, and see how your city stacks up, especially when normalizing for population density. Then reach out for more detailed insights including county or tract level detail, demographic breakdowns, and differences by household income cohort.
Electric Vehicles & Vehicle Miles Traveled
Replica provides customers with detailed information on who owns EVs, where they are driving, and why.
Below, we've provided summary statistics on network vehicle-miles traveled per capita, and the breakdown of VMT by EVs and traditional vehicles for the largest counties in the country. For data on your jurisdiction, or to see data all the way down to the network-link level, reach out below.
Vehicle Miles Traveled Per Person
Across the top 50 MSAs, daily per capita VMT ranges from just over 42 in Raleigh, North Carolina, to over 16 in the New York Metro Area.
Daily per capita Vehicle Miles Traveled, Top 50 MSAs
Daily weekday VMT per adult, Top 50 MSAs, Spring 2024
| Metro Area | VMT per Capita |
|---|---|
| Raleigh-Cary, NC | 42.7 |
| Memphis, TN-MS-AR | 40.9 |
| Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN | 40.5 |
| Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC | 40.2 |
| Jacksonville, FL | 39.1 |
| Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA | 38.8 |
| Birmingham-Hoover, AL | 38.6 |
| Richmond, VA | 38.3 |
| Oklahoma City, OK | 36.3 |
| Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC | 35.4 |
| St. Louis, MO-IL | 35.3 |
| Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA | 35.2 |
| Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD | 35.2 |
| San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX | 34.5 |
| Austin-Round Rock-Georgetown, TX | 34.3 |
| Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN | 34.3 |
| Kansas City, MO-KS | 34.1 |
| Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN | 33.9 |
| Columbus, OH | 33.9 |
| Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN | 33.7 |
| Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX | 33.5 |
| Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI | 33.0 |
| Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 32.6 |
| Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ | 32.2 |
| Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL | 31.9 |
| Washington, DC | 31.7 |
| Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL | 31.6 |
| Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI | 31.3 |
| San Diego, CA | 31.1 |
| Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT | 30.9 |
| Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO | 30.4 |
| Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA | 30.1 |
| Cleveland-Elyria, OH | 29.8 |
| Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI | 29.3 |
| Pittsburgh, PA | 29.0 |
| New Orleans, LA | 28.9 |
| Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV | 28.8 |
| Providence-Warwick, RI-MA | 28.7 |
| Salt Lake City, UT | 28.6 |
| Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY | 28.0 |
| Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL | 27.9 |
| San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 27.4 |
| Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA | 26.8 |
| Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA | 25.6 |
| Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA | 25.4 |
| Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD | 25.4 |
| Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI | 25.1 |
| Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | 24.1 |
| San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA | 16.4 |
Source: Replica Download image Created with Datawrapper
Walking Mode Share
There are many factors that go into how viable walking is as a potential mode choice in each location, but none is more important than density. That's why the New York Metro sits on the far end of the spectrum with almost 15% of all trips taken via walking. But weather is also a significant factor, which is why we see some of the lowest walking rates on a typical Spring day in Southern metros where the temperature might just be too hot (and the air too humid) to encourage a lot of outdoor travel.
Walking Mode Share, Top 50 MSAs
Walking trips as a percentage of all trips, typical weekday.
| Metro Area | Walking Mode Share |
|---|---|
| New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA | 14.62% |
| Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | 13.6% |
| San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA | 12.48% |
| Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA | 11.31% |
| Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD | 11.21% |
| Pittsburgh, PA | 11.15% |
| Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI | 10.55% |
| Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA | 10.39% |
| Washington, DC | 10.37% |
| Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY | 10.34% |
| Providence-Warwick, RI-MA | 9.96% |
| Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT | 9.63% |
| New Orleans, LA | 9.45% |
| Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI | 9.38% |
| Cleveland-Elyria, OH | 9.34% |
| San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 9.28% |
| Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA | 9.27% |
| Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI | 9.24% |
| Columbus, OH | 9.19% |
| Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD | 9.13% |
| Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO | 9.00% |
| Salt Lake City, UT | 8.97% |
| Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN | 8.95% |
| St. Louis, MO-IL | 8.84% |
| Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI | 8.68% |
| Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA | 8.64% |
| Austin-Round Rock-Georgetown, TX | 8.55% |
| Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN | 8.53% |
| Richmond, VA | 8.43% |
| Memphis, TN-MS-AR | 8.38% |
| Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN | 8.38% |
| Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA | 8.18% |
| Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL | 8.06% |
| Oklahoma City, OK | 8.04% |
| San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX | 8.03% |
| Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL | 7.91% |
| Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX | 7.90% |
| Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL | 7.87% |
| Jacksonville, FL | 7.86% |
| Birmingham-Hoover, AL | 7.82% |
| Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 7.81% |
| Kansas City, MO-KS | 7.80% |
| Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA | 7.79% |
| Raleigh-Cary, NC | 7.78% |
| Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN | 7.77% |
| Riversides-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA | 7.73% |
| Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI | 7.69% |
| Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | 7.65% |
| Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA | 7.65% |
| Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD | 7.59% |
Source: Replica Download image Created with Datawrapper
Daily Travel Minutes Per Person
VMT doesn't equate perfectly to daily travel minutes per person. Not every trip is by car and in certain places, people are far more likely than in others to walk, bike, or take public transit. Second of all even for those in a car, not all traffic is equal. Daily travel minutes per person is impacted both by the distance of all the different types of trips people make, and, for the 95% of trips every day that are taken by car, how bad congestion is.
Average Daily Travel Minutes per capita, Top 50 MSAs
Across the Top 50 MSAs, the average total daily travel time per person ranges from more than 2 hours in the Bay Area, to under 85 minutes in Buffalo.
| Metro Area | Average Daily Travel Minutes |
|---|---|
| San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA | 127.5 |
| Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA | 121.8 |
| Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO | 119.7 |
| Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN | 116.5 |
| Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV | 115.4 |
| San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 113.3 |
| Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA | 112.1 |
| Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | 111.4 |
| Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA | 107.5 |
| Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA | 106.1 |
| Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV | 103.5 |
| San Diego, CA | 102.5 |
| Pittsburgh, PA | 102.1 |
| Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD | 101.8 |
| Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA | 101.3 |
| Memphis, TN-MS-AR | 100.8 |
| Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC | 100.5 |
| New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA | 100.3 |
| Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA | 98.7 |
| Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI | 98.1 |
| Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN | 97.9 |
| Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL | 97.0 |
| Austin-Round Rock-Georgetown, TX | 96.7 |
| St. Louis, MO-IL | 96.6 |
| Raleigh-Cary, NC | 96.5 |
| Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ | 96.3 |
| New Orleans-Metairie, LA | 95.4 |
| Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD | 95.4 |
| Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL | 94.0 |
| Jacksonville, FL | 93.8 |
| Salt Lake City, UT | 93.6 |
| Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN | 93.4 |
| Columbus, OH | 93.2 |
| Kansas City, MO-KS | 92.9 |
| Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN | 92.8 |
| Birmingham-Hoover, AL | 92.8 |
| Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT | 92.8 |
| Richmond, VA | 92.1 |
| San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX | 92.0 |
| Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX | 91.7 |
| Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL | 91.6 |
| Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC | 90.7 |
| Cleveland-Elyria, OH | 90.1 |
| Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI | 89.6 |
| Oklahoma City, OK | 89.3 |
| Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI | 89.3 |
| New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA | 88.1 |
| Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY | 87.3 |
| San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA | 86.5 |
| Providence-Warwick, RI-MA | 85.1 |
Source: Replica Download image Created with Datawrapper
The Power of Population Density
Moving from data to insight requires context, which is why Replica includes demographic, land use, and economic data alongside mobility metrics. Below, mapped these three key metrics against each metro's population density. The trend line is clear but so are some key outliers. Look below and reach out for further breakdowns by land use.
Per Capita VMT vs Population Density, Top 50 MSAs
Across the top 50 MSAs, there is a clear correlation between population density and per capita VMT.
Walking Mode Share vs. Population Density, Top 50 MSAs
Across the top 50 MSAs, there is a clear positive relationship between population density and walking mode share.
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